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Trench Warfare under Grant and Lee: Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign (Civil War America), by Earl J. Hess
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Earl J.Hess's study of armies and fortifications turns to the 1864 Overland Campaign to cover battles from the Wilderness to Cold Harbor. Drawing on meticulous research in primary sources and careful examination of battlefields at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Bermuda Hundred, and Cold Harbor, , Hess analyzes Union and Confederate movements and tactics and the new way Grant and Lee employed entrenchments in an evolving style of battle. Hess argues that Grant's relentless and pressing attacks kept the armies always within striking distance, compelling soldiers to dig in for protection.
- Sales Rank: #552293 in Books
- Brand: Brand: The University of North Carolina Press
- Published on: 2013-08-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.24" h x .79" w x 6.18" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 336 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
A significant addition to the military history of the American Civil War and adds an important argument to a topic generally ignored by Civil War historians.--Canadian Journal of History
The author covers familiar ground in writing about these battles, but does it in a brisk, informative way, offering his own analysis of command decisions and outcomes. . . . A valued resource.--H-Civil War
Hess's understanding of field fortifications is expertly conveyed, as are his explanations of why and how specific trenches were built. Maps and photographs add a visual layer to understanding the campaign. . . . Well-written and researched.--Maryland Historical Magazine
Review
Hess tells the story [of trench warfare] with clarity and tactical detail.--Blue & Gray Magazine
Trench Warfare under Grant and Lee is the second outstanding entry in a multi-volume examination by Earl J. Hess of the role and use of field fortifications in the Eastern Theater. . . . Although its many fine qualities make this a work of value to anyone with an interest in the war, this appendix makes this terrific book one that the legions of 'trench nerds' will particularly enjoy--and want close at hand the next time we find ourselves in Eastern Virginia.--Civil War News
A detailed examination of fieldworks. . . . Ideal for any Civil War reference collection. . . . Hess's meticulous attention to detail is enough to warrant his work a place in most military reference collections or on the shelf of a Civil War enthusiast.--North Carolina Historical Review
A most important addition to the literature on this major campaign and [it] has certainly earned a place on the bookshelves of those fascinated by the Civil War and the men who fought.--Virginia Magazine
Both compelling and refreshing. . . . Something new for the serious enthusiast.--Civil War Times
Grounded in original research and careful inspections of existing archeological remains, Earl J. Hess's Trench Warfare under Grant and Lee is a thoughtful and readable analysis of the evolution of field works during the Overland Campaign of 1864. This pioneering work belongs on the bookshelves of every Civil War buff and everyone interested in the history of modern warfare. I recommend it highly.--Gordon C. Rhea, author of Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26-June 3, 1864
Hundreds of thousands of American soldiers fought behind earthworks in 1864, but until Hess's book no historian had examined the evolution of trench warfare in thorough detail. This fine book covers a significant unexplored topic in gratifying depth.--Robert K. Krick, author of Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain and Civil War Weather in Virginia
Intriguing, important, and authoritative.--Military History of the West
Ilumines and educates.--Civil War Book Review
For military specialists and Civil War enthusiasts . . . Those with such a focused interest will be rewarded by reading Hess' intense study.--Journal of Southern History
An important and valuable study of a long neglected subject. . . .Illuminating.--Military History
Keeps the subject fresh while presenting the nuanced tactical differences in a logical sequential manner.--TOCWOC: A Civil War Blog
Hess tells the story with clarity and tactical detail.--Blue & Gray
From the Inside Flap
Earl J.Hess's study of armies and fortifications turns to the 1864 Overland Campaign to cover battles from the Wilderness to Cold Harbor. Drawing on meticulous research in primary sources and careful examination of battlefields at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Bermuda Hundred, and Cold Harbor, Hess analyzes Union and Confederate movements and tactics and the new way Grant and Lee employed entrenchments in an evolving style of battle. Hess argues that Grant's relentless and pressing attacks kept the armies always within striking distance, compelling soldiers to dig in for protection.
Most helpful customer reviews
25 of 27 people found the following review helpful.
Important Work of Civil War Scholarship
By Bruce Trinque
Earl J. Hess's new "Trench Warfare under Grant and Lee: Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign" is as good a piece of Civil War scholarship as I have read in years. It is at the most fundamental level a narrative history of military operations in the Overland Campaign of May and June, 1864: the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor, but it is a narrative history that focuses particularly on how field fortifications evolved over the course of those six weeks of heavy combat and it details how the use of field fortifications influenced the course of that campaign. In his earlier volume, "Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War," Hess dispelled the old myths that such entrenchments were a direct consequence of the power of rifled-muskets or that their use suddenly sprang into being in the spring of 1864 (he documented three years of field fortifications, although not on such a scale as became standard by the end of the Overland Campaign) and that these entrenchments were somehow merely the fruit of the teaching of Dennis Hart Mahan at West Point. Or to quote the author: "The use of field fortifications evolved during the Civil War not due to some irrational fear, but due to a real and potent threat: the continued presence of an enemy army within striking distance. Their use was a rational and logical response to that threat."
Hess reserves most of the technical details of entrenchment and breastwork design for an appendix, leaving his main narrative fast-moving and compelling. "Trench Warfare under Grant and Lee" is an important contribution to Civil War literature and should find a ready spot on the bookshelves of any serious student of the era. I look forward to his planned third volume, to examine field fortifications during the Petersburg campaign.
Inevitably, it must be asked how Hess views the Overland Campaign in balance. Was it a Union or a Confederate success? Although Hess does not absolve Grant of errors in too hastily ordering attacks or in failing to recognize the power of impromptu fieldworks, Hess concludes: "Grant's most significant achievement in the Overland campaign was not in capturing territory, or in positioning his army close to Richmond, or in reducing the fighting strength of the Army of Northern Virginia by 50 percent; rather it lay in robbing Lee of the opportunity to launch large-scale offensives against the Army of the Potomac. In laying claim to the strategic initiative, Grant won an important physical and emotional victory over Lee, and he did it with fewer losses than his predecessors had suffered in attempting the same goal ... Most important, he did not give up the strategic initiative and thereby brought the war to an end. The Overland campaign was as much a watershed in the strategic course of the Civil War as the Seven Days."
13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
The War Changes
By Kerry Walters
By the time of the Overland Campaign, the star of Earl Hess's second volume on Civil War fortifications, the idea of bravery that most soldiers had when hostilities began had just about fizzled out. In that more innocent time, soldiers and officers thought it cowardly to hide behiind entrenchments, or anything else for that matter. Battles were about sticking out your chest and, in plain view of the enemy, marching and shooting. (For a good account of this transition, see Linderman's Embattled Courage.)
Three years of the harsh reality of war changed all that, and by the time of the Overland Campaign, troops on both sides were digging in fast and furiously whenever they got the chance. Aside from the Vicksburg and Petersburg campaigns, nowhere was the entrenchment so obvious as in the Overland one. Most Civil War buffs know about the entrenchments at Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor. But many will probably be surprised (as was I) that entrenchments were also dug in The Wilderness and at the Bermuda Hundred.
Hess' account of the evolution of fortifications in this stage of the war is well-written and entirely accessible to the nonspecialist. He tends to protect Grant from the general's worst critics, arguing (much as does James McPherson) that the huge cost of federal lives in the Overland in fact did succeed in strategically defeating Lee.
The photographs are priceless. I've actually never seen most of them before. Moreover, the line drawings of fortifications and entrenchments are brilliant. All in all, highly recommended.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
TRENCH WARFARE UNDER GRANT AND LEE: FIELD FORTIFICATIONS IN THE OVERLAND CAMPAIGN
By Robert A. Lynn
TRENCH WARFARE UNDER GRANT AND LEE: FIELD FORTIFICATIONS IN THE OVERLAND CAMPAIGN
EARL J. HESS
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS, 2007
HARDCOVER, $39.95, 336 PAGES
The May-June, 1864 Overland Campaign against Richmond saw the most sustained and ferocious bloodletting of the entire War Between the States. From the fighting in the Wilderness on 5-6 May through Spotsylvania, Trevilian Station, North Anna, Totopotomoy Creek, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, and the onset of the Siege of Petersburg in mid-June, the Army of Northern Virginia suffered approximately 33,500 casualties. Losses in the Army of the Potomac and its attached units, meanwhile, approached 55,000. While the butcher's bill was enormous, the campaign ended Lee's ability to fight a war of maneuver, and forced the Army of Northern Virginia into defensive siege lines around Richmond and Petersburg that would collapse in the spring of 1865. Field fortifications of both the major and minor type were temporary because they were fashioned to hold positions for campaigning armies that shifted according to circumstance. Major works were built both to protect defenders and impede attackers, while minor works were essentially meant to provide protection. Field fortifications usually consisted of some combination of major and minor works. Major fieldworks resembled semipermanent works in many respects. They usually featured the dry moat at the base of ramparts, for instance. Depending on the ground, major works could consist of a series of redans, ramparts shaped like Vs with their points facing the attacker and connected by walls or trenches. Lunettes also faced their salient angles toward the enemy. These configurations had the advantage of creating overlapping or crossing fields of fire. Redoubts were breastworks (low barricades to shield riflemen) that were used in both permanent and temporary fortifications as part of a parapet. Depending on how transitory the field fortifications were, redoubts could be hastily fashioned breastworks placed to protect the flanks of trenches. Siege and field guns formed an important part of major field fortifications. Artillery was usually arranged to fire above the parapet from a platform called a barbette or from an embrasure, which was an aperture in the parapet. Both types of mountings had advantages and disadvantages. The barbette gun could cover a broad area, but its exposed position was dangerous to its crew. The embrasure gun was shielded, but it covered only a limited angle of the field, and the embrasures could offer a determined enemy a means of accessing the parapet. Whether mounted as a barbette or at an embrasure, cannon always required a platform to prevent their becoming mired and consequently impossible to handle. Cleared ground in front of fortifications and the moat at the base of the rampart were usually strewn with objects to hinder attackers as they advanced on the works. A series of obstacles cleverly placed could thoroughly jumble an otherwise orderly advance and subject it to merciless fire. Abatises were such an obstruction, but a variety of others were also used. Pointed stakes bristling from the ramparts (fraises) or sunk in the ground to form a fence (palisades)were typical. Chevaux-de-frise (long timbers with spikes jutting from them) were especially effective against cavalry, and wire entanglements (first used in 1863) could stall an infantry attack for the slaughtering. Barbed wire had not yet been invented and hence was never used in the War Between the States. Minor fieldworks usually consisted of rifle pits (that era's version of the foxhole) and blockhouses or stockades. Such minor fortifications could shield a soldier from enemy fire, but they weren't intended to fortify against attack. The extent of fortifications was determined by how much manpower and artillery were available and the actual situation of the works in relation to their surroundings, especially if they were to be incorporated into a larger scheme of fortification. It was the job of military engineers to fashion works from a standard set of configurations-such as redans, lunettes, and redoubts-but talented engineers could quickly adapt standard fortifications to any peculiarities of the ground or the strengths or weaknesses of the army's men and equipment. This book is an important contribution to understanding how the war was fought and to better fix its place in the continuing development of military theory and technology.
Lt. Colonel Robert A. Lynn, Florida Guard
Orlando, Florida
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